Laser Diode Working Principle

A laser diode, or LD also known as injection laser diode or ILD, is an electrically pumped semiconductor laser in which the active laser medium is formed by a p-n junction of a semiconductor diode similar to that found in a light-emitting diode.

The term laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Laser light is monochromatic, which means that it consists of a single color and not a mixture of colors. Laser light is also called coherent light, a single wavelength, as compared to incoherent light, which consists of a wide band of wavelengths. The laser diode normally emits coherent light, whereas the LED emits incoherent light. The symbols are the same as shown in Figure.

Fig (a) : Laser Diode Symbol

Fig : Basic laser diode construction and operation.

The basic construction of a laser diode is shown in Figure (b). A pn junction is formed by two layers of doped gallium arsenide. The length of the pn junction bears a precise relationship with the wavelength of the light to be emitted. There is a highly reflective surface at one end of the pn junction and a partially reflective surface at the other end, forming a resonant cavity for the photons. External leads provide the anode and cathode connections.

The basic operation is as follows. The laser diode is forward-biased by an external voltage source. As electrons move through the junction, recombination occurs just as in an ordinary diode. As electrons fall into holes to recombine, photons are released. A released photon can strike an atom, causing another photon to be released. As the forward current is increased, more electrons enter the depletion region and cause more photons to be emitted. Eventually some of the photons that are randomly drifting within the depletion region strike the reflected surfaces perpendicularly. These reflected photons move along the depletion region, striking atoms and releasing additional photons due to the avalanche effect.

This back-and-forth movement of photons increases as the generation of photons “snow-balls” until a very intense beam of laser light is formed by the photons that pass through the partially reflective end of the pn junction. Each photon produced in this process is identical to the other photons in energy level, phase relationship, and frequency. So a single wavelength of intense light emerges from the laser diode, as indicated in Figure (c). Laser diodes have a threshold level of current above which the laser action occurs and below which the diode behaves essentially as an LED, emitting incoherent light.

Characteristics of Laser Diode 

Applications

Laser diodes and photodiodes are used in the pick-up system of compact disk (CD) players. Audio information (sound) is digitally recorded in stereo on the surface of a compact disk in the form of microscopic “pits” and “flats.” A lens arrangement focuses the laser beam from the diode onto the CD surface. As the CD rotates, the lens and beam follow the track under control of a servomotor. The laser light, which is altered by the pits and flats along the recorded track, is reflected back from the track through a lens and optical system to infrared photodiodes. The signal from the photodiodes is then used to reproduce the digitally recorded sound. Laser diodes are also used in laser printers and fiber-optic systems.

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• working principle of laser diode